The Impact Of Kickstarter On The Arts And Creation

Kickstarter is a crowdfunding site, based out of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, which specializes in funding the arts and creation. Crowdfunding is a way of raising funds by collecting small donations from a large amount of backers (Bradsford, 2012, pp. 10). Starting in 2009, Kickstarter has raised over 1.5 billion dollars, successfully funding over 90,000 projects (Stats, 2015). In exchange for a 5% fee on overall funds collected, Kickstarter effectively acts as an intermediary between creates a bridge between producers and their backers. Kickstarter functions as a reward or pre-purchased based crowdfunding site, and is considered one of the leaders of this type (Bradsford, 2012, pp. 16). Bakers are tempted into supporting a project by promises†¦show more content†¦Crowdfunding is not always successful. Kickstarter itself has a competition rate of only 36% (Stats, 2015). Many times this happens when set funding goals or much higher (on average 4-5 times successful projects) than t he final products actual worth (Byrus, Kuppuswamy, 2014, pp. 8). Of those succeed , 50% only accomplish it by very slim 10% margin (Byrus, Kuppuswamy, 2014, pp. 8). Normally, this would be a cause of concern. If someone has invested into a product that had failed to be completed, was cancelled, or didn’t receive enough funding, then they essentially just threw away their money. Kickstarter found a way to protect these investors, by an â€Å"all or nothing† method, also known as the threshold method. They do not charge the backers until the project is completed, and the product is made available (Mollik, 2014). Another cause of concern is the potential for fraud. It is easy to believe that some people may just take the money without actually producing the product, however, â€Å"initial empirical data on unregulated crowdfund entities suggest that no material fraud or risk to capital providers exists† (Groshoff, 2014, pp. 550) While it is only initial data, and thus subject to change in the future, Kickstarter has a very low risk of fraud. As of 2014, only $21,324 out of $1.5 billion has been recorded as fraudulent (Groshoff, pp. 549). This shows that it is a trusted site, with very low risk by the investors (funders). After

The Community Mental Health Act Of 1963 - 1064 Words

The Community Mental Health Act of 1963, was the first federal law that inspired community-based mental health care, and it ignited the transformation of the public mental health system (Young Minds Advocacy, 2016). Other names of the Act are Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963. It was the beginning of the Deinstitutionalized movement in mental health treatment options for children, youth, and adults (National Council for Behavioral Health (NCBH), 2015). States received money from grants, from the Community Mental Health Act for the construction of these mental health centers. Initially, the intention of the grant program was to provide 1500 mental health centers nationally (Young Minds†¦show more content†¦Institutional care was condemned, as in many cases patients’ mental conditions deteriorated, and institutions were not able to treat the individual in a holistic manner. In many state institutions, patients numerously o utnumbered the poorly trained staff. Many patients were boarded in these facilities for extensive periods of time without receiving any services. By 1963, the average stay for an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia was eleven years. As the media and newspapers publicized the inhumane conditions that existed in many psychiatric hospitals, awareness grew and there was much public pressure to create improved treatment options (Young Minds Advocacy, 2016). . In an effort to transform the public mental health system, in 1963, President Kennedy proposed the Community Mental Health Act. It was the first among several federal initiatives to create a community mental health care system. Once the act was ratified, there was an intense deterioration in institutionalization, otherwise known as â€Å"deinstitutionalization†, and by 1980 there was a 75% declined of the inpatient population at many public psychiatric hospitals. In 2000, there was less than 10% of the public institutionalized just fifty years earlier. In 2009, there was even a more dramatic shift among children and adolescence whereby there was a 98% decline inShow MoreRelatedThe Community Mental Health Centers Act Of 1963 Closed State Psychiatric Hospitals1191 Words   |  5 PagesMany years ago, mental illness was viewed as a demonic possession or a religious punishment. In the 18th century, the attitudes towards mental illness were negative and persistent. This negativit y leads to the stigmatization and confinement of those who were mentally ill. The mentally ill were sent to mental hospitals that were unhealthy and dangerous. A push in the mid 1950s for deinstitutionalization began because of activists lobbying for change. Dorothea Dix was one of these activists that helpedRead MoreCommunity Mental Health Movement Of The United States1210 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity Mental Health Movement For many years, people who suffered with mental illness were more often than not institutionalized and severely mistreated. The history of the Mental Health movement begins in 1909. The history of advocacy began with Clifford W. Beers. Beers, himself an ex-psychiatric patient who, after his release, crusaded to bring mental health and mental illness to the attention of his fellow citizens (Pols). In 1908, Beers published his autobiography, A Mind That Found ItselfRead MoreThe Release Of Institutionalized Individuals From Institutional Care1080 Words   |  5 Pageshospital) to care in the community. Deinstitutionalization is a long term pattern wherein less individuals live as patients in mental facilities and less psychological well-being treatments are delivered in public facilities. This trend is directly due to the process of closing public hospitals and the ensuing transfers of patients to community-based mental health services in the late twentieth century. It represents the d issipation of patients over a wider variety of health care settings and geographicRead MoreEssay about Labelling People894 Words   |  4 Pagesan act as deviant or criminal is not a simple straight forward process. A label is not neutral, it contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied. It is a ‘Master Status’ in the sense that it overshadows all the other statuses possessed by the individual. If an individual is labelled as criminal, mentally ill or gay, such labels tend to override the individuals status as father, husband, worker, friend or neighbour. Whether or not the label is applied will depend on how the act isRead MoreThe Labelling Theory Movement Among Criminologist And Sociologists1594 Words   |  7 Pagesto portray the person in power which campaign to make certain deviant behaviour outlawed (Becker, 1963). He suggests that most laws are founded on that basis, and the behaviour that is classified as criminal is ever changing. Thus, the criminal behaviour is impertinent to the labelling theory. What actually matters is which outlaws are arrested and processed by the criminal justice system (Becker, 1963). Due to the belief that societal and personal factors do not kick in as motivations for criminalRead MoreAccording To Erchul Martens (2012), The Earliest Consultation1202 Words   |  5 Pagessupervising a group of psychologists and social workers who were caring for a 16,000 immigrant adolescents with mental illness that were located in 100 residential institutions, where transportation to get to the clients were often problematic; and there were approximately 1,000 initial request for assistance with these individuals. In response to such constraint, a new way of providing mental services emerged. Rather than Caplan and his team meeting with individual clients in the clinic, Caplan andRead MoreMental Health Of Individuals Living With Schizophrenia1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe mental health of individuals livin g with schizophrenia not only depends on the severity of their mental illness, it also depends on their inclusion within their community (Michael, 2012). Despite recent advances and treatment, individuals suffering from schizophrenia encounter a considerable stigma that creates barriers to them receiving adequate treatment which in turn hinders their full integration into society (Morgan, 2003). The conceptualization of stigma was explored (Goffman, 1963) asRead MoreHealthcare Delivery For Persons With Mental Illness1269 Words   |  6 Pagesdelivery for persons with mental illness is complex and many barriers exist that prevent patients from receiving quality care such as homelessness, substance abuse, imprisonment, stigma, accessibility, and cost. A review of the history of mental health, an examination of past and future laws, and an assessment of what the barriers to achieving mental health wellness are, will help to improve awareness and promote better treatment solutions for those afflicted by mental illnesses. Important HistoricalRead MoreBeing A Stigmatized Person By Sociologist Erving Goffman Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Management of a Spoiled Identity was published in 1963 and in the first chapter the book, Goffman determines the three types of stigma; stigma of character traits, physical stigma, and stigma of group identity. Stigma of character traits are â€Å"blemishes of individual character perceived as weak will, domineering, or unnatural passions, treacherous and rigid beliefs, and dishonesty, these being inferred from a known record of, for example, mental disorder, imprisonment, addiction, alcoholism, homosexualityRead MoreNational Institute Of Mental Health Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesNational Institute of Mental Health: Panic disorder The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2015) mission is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses (NIMH, 2015). NIMH try to accomplish this though clinical research, so they can prevent and cure people. Their goals are to promoting the discovery of the brain, so they can find the cure for the mental disorder, and developing new intervention that ingrate the need and support for people with mental illnesses (NIMH, 2015)

Berlin Conference Free Essays

For three long months, 14 countries from Western Europe and the United States attended the Berlin Conference. This important conference is also known as Congo Conference or Berlin West Africa Conference. The countries that attended include Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway, Turkey, and US. We will write a custom essay sample on Berlin Conference or any similar topic only for you Order Now Interesting enough, not a single country of Africa attended even though the conference was entirely about the division of land on the African continent. The major players at this conference were the great and mighty countries of France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal. This conference that started on November 15, 1884 and ended on February 26, 1885 was called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of Germany and minister of Prussia. The original goal of this lengthy conference was to agree that the Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins are neutral and are open to free trade. Before the conference, 80% of Africa remained to be traditionally and locally ruled. The Europeans only controlled the coastal areas. This all changed because King Leopold II wanted glory for Portugal and organized a secret mission to form Congo Free State. King Leopold and other countries wanted to take advantage of its gold, timber, land, timber, and labor power. When France discovered King Leopold II’s scheme, she got mad which eventually resulted in this conference. The final result of this conference culminated in the General Act of BerlinConference. This document prohibited international slave trade, made Congo Free State a private property of Congo Society (although Leopold still uses it as his private property), permit free trade in Congo Basin and Lake Niassa, and allow free ship traffic on the Niger and Congo river. A new map of the African continent was created. It divided the vast continent into 50 geometric countries with no regards for cultural and linguistic boundaries of the native Africans. The only countries remaining free are Ethiopia and Liberia (US’s country to return slaves to their â€Å"homeland†. All in all, the Berlin Conference caused Africans to lose their autonomy and ushered in heightened colonial activity. How to cite Berlin Conference, Essay examples

Electromagnetic Radiation Essay Research Paper Electromagnetic radiation free essay sample

Electromagnetic Radiation Essay, Research Paper Electromagnetic radiation is defined as the emanation and transmittal of energy in the signifier of electromagnetic moving ridges. An electromagnetic moving ridge consists of two moving ridges at perpendicular planes, on stand foring the electrical field while the other represents the magnetic field. This spectrum is split up into approximately 81 octaves, much like the octaves of sound, which scientists have categorized in order to picture the utility of the different properties.Theoretically, electromagnetic moving ridges can be every bit long as the expansive breadth of the existence in one moving ridge, to a wavelength the size of a quanta ( the smallest sum of energy that can be transmitted ) . That, nevertheless, is at this point in clip negligible because we either can non observe wavelengths so highly big or infinitesimally little. So by and large the spectrum is regarded to be set between 30,000,000 kilometers and.0001 As ( 1 kilometer is equal to 1 Tens 10^13 As ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Electromagnetic Radiation Essay Research Paper Electromagnetic radiation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The longest and least energetic of the recognized wavelengths are radio moving ridges. Their wavelengths scope from 300,000 kilometers to 30 centimeter and a frequence of 30 kilohertzs to 3,000,000 kilohertz. The moving ridges are used in the transmittal of wireless and telecasting signals. AM and FM wireless signals fall in the long-wave wireless scope, while Television signals use the short-wave wireless scope, someplace in the 3 m wavelength. Radio moving ridges take up approximately 30 of the 81 octaves. The following somewhat more energetic and shorter wavelength is microwaves. Obviously, most are familiar with microwaves since they are ever being used to cook nutrient, but microwaves are besides used in radiotelescopes and radio detection and ranging, even the radiation from a impersonal H atom falls in this scope. Microwave scope extends from wavelengths of 30 centimeter to.3 centimeter and frequences of 1-100 billion rhythms per second. This corresponds to 6 1/2 octaves. The n comes the infrared scope. While much of the wireless spectrum base on ballss easy through our ambiance, infrared is about wholly blocked off due to soaking up by gaseous molecules that reside at that place. Infrared moving ridges are present during the transmittal of heat. It s wavelengths scope from.3 centimeter to.000076 centimeter with frequences from 100 billion ( 10^11 ) to about 10^14 rhythms per second. 12 octaves are portion of the infrared spectrum. The seeable spectrum with its individual octave is the portion of the spectrum that merely the blind are denied. The ambiance is extremely crystalline to the seeable spectrum, and is one reason why biologists believe it is the only part of the spectrum our eyes are sensitive to. Our sun produces intense amounts of visible light, which also explains why we don t perceive the much less abundant radio wavelengths that are also impervious to our atmosphere. The visible wavelengths range from .76 microns (7600 angstroms) to .38 microns (3800 angstroms) with frequencies of slightly less than a quadrillion (10^15). Many recognize UV or ultraviolet radiation because of modern societies obsession with tanning, and the cancerous growths that may follow. UV radiation is very energetic compared to the previous categories discussed and will burn with the prolonged exposure, which tanning is a mild form of. Not much UV can get through the ozone layer, but a little does, and our polluting industrial revolution has caused our protective layer to break down allowing more UV radiation in and larger health problems to the world. It has wavelengths from 3800-100 angstroms, with fr equencies from a quadrillion (10^15) to slightly less than 100 quadrillion (10^17). UV occupies about 5 octaves. X-rays, once again, are also well known to the public through their modern medical usage. They are very energetic in nature and extremely harmful to the living bodies, especially in the reproductive sites. They can easily pass through skin and reveal the underlying structure of animals. X-rays have been known to also cause cancer and even mutations. Prolonged exposure leads to radiation poisoning and certain death. It s wavelengths range from 100-.1 angstroms with frequencies of just under 10^17 to 10^20 cycles per second. It contains 10 octaves. Gamma rays are the newly discovered form of radiation that is associated with space, and is given off in reactions concerning the nuclei of atoms. These are the most energetic and shortest wavelengths that are very, very lethal. They are often called cosmic rays and so far have no practical use other than extraterrestrial observa tion. It s frequencies are 100 quintillion (10^20) and higher with wavelengths than 1/10th of an angstrom. Although scientists have established these arbitrary borders for the electromagnetic spectrum, there is truly no difference between them. Their only differences lie in the amount of energy they contain, their wavelengths, and their frequencies. They all behave as waves and particles, and all travel at the unerring speed of light, 300,000 Km per second.

Bus Riders Analysis free essay sample

The poem, â€Å"Bus Riders†, Gloria Gatchitorena-Goloy, is a symbolic poem written in free verse, the central theme of hardship can be found in the poem’s use of imagery, language and connotation of every word by which the meaning is implied. In her poem, these three fundamentals of writing smoothly work together to create a piece that represents the exhaustion and depressing characteristic of commuting by a public transportation like the bus. On the first reading, the poem begins with the image of the commuters, when she describes them and compare to an even-toed, hoofed mammals (ruminants) that are always on the run when they are about to ride to this public transportation, the bus. She also stated an image where the mental state of the commuters is based and measured by the depth and distance of their dreams, which means that for us, the level of experience. It could be more stressful or less stressful; important or not to them of the commuting via this public transportation. We will write a custom essay sample on Bus Riders Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Just for our example, a fresh graduate is about to have his first interview in a big company, he needs to be on time or else his dreams of becoming one of the employees of that company will vanish that instant compare to that of a commuter who just want to commute to get to point A to point B, like tourist, shopper etc. These ruminants on the run, when they travel, travel a mobile mental mileage metered by depth and distance of their dreams†¦ In the next lines, it literally this would suggest or describes commuters inside the bus where: †¦a stern silence isolates their brotherhood From each to each even where a truant thigh kneads against its sudden mate. (How well the guise is glared. ) Means that inside the bus you are about to experience the silence of the people got in. Because they just to be quiet for the sake of others, perhaps they just want to avoid adding stress or annoyance inside. And it states here also that the commuters doesn’t noticed or felt their contact to others. They just ignore if they bump each other’s body. Goloy also uses a variety of imagery to illustrate the state or atmosphere inside the bus. First, she describes the bus an overweight, less of flesh, more of mood which means that inside the vehicle people experienced a state where the exhaustion maybe stress lingers throughout the entire bus. Just because of the people inside are like being chained to their feet and trap by this vehicle. This imagery describes how hard it is to travel in this situation. The vehicle screams an overweight, less of flesh, more of mood ferried burdensomely with heavy fettered lives sitting out a fleeing trap by the windows of the mind.

Coming of Age Speech Essays

Coming of Age Speech Essays Coming of Age Speech Paper Coming of Age Speech Paper When you were a child, have you ever burnt yourself by touching fire? If so, your parents may have warned you, but you hurt yourself anyway out of curiosity. After that experience, would you ever repeat yourself and touch it again? Of course not! Due to this pain you experienced, you’ll unlikely do it again. Similarly, ‘we mature and learn through our experiences and challenges through coming of age. ’ The transition to adulthood isn’t simply just door that you walk through when you reach a stage of adulthood. It’s like a stairway that you climb, step-by-step, throughout adolescence. To better understand this concept, the novel ‘Anne of Green Gable’ by Montgomery is a clear depiction of coming of age. The text is written in form of third-person omniscient, where the point of view shifts to reveal the different perspectives and experiences of Anne and Marilla by representing a child and an adult view. This technique also allows the audience to observe the process Anne’s identity being forged. The persona ‘Anne Shirley’s experiences various challenges of coming of age but the ones of importance are: 1. Misunderstanding 2. Use of Hurtful words 3. Death of loved ones The idea of ‘misunderstanding’ is presented through the idiom â€Å"For pity’s sake hold your tongue. † which Marilla said to Anne simply telling her to be quiet allowing the audience to identify the talkativeness of Anne identifying the misunderstanding of her actions. This is further reinforced by the quote Anne said to Matthew: â€Å"It’s so easy to be wicked without knowing it†, which juxtaposes with Anne’s experiences of maturity with Marilla. Misunderstandings are also incidents in which individuals are able to learn about the consequences of their actions. Such a scenario is when Anne is accused of stealing Marilla’s brooch. However, inexperienced Anne’s reaction was to ‘lie’ that she has stolen it. Marilla therefore is able to teach Anne a lesson about misunderstanding and the issue of accepting blame. This experience later helps Anne to maintain her friendship between Diana and resolving the misunderstanding she had with her mother, in which she’s able to understand the others as well. The value of forgiveness, within maturity is learnt by Anne when her neighbour, Mrs Rachel uses the simile â€Å"hair as red as carrot† reinforced by descriptive language â€Å"terrible skinny, omely, freckles† defining Anne’s appearances, putting Anne in an emotional state. Immaturely Anne reacts by insulting Mrs Rachel and later refuses to apologise until her conversation with Matthew, Marilla’s brother. Where she learns the value of being humble and how insults with Hurtful words can ruin relationships. She also continues to mature by apologizing to Mrs Rachael. Anne’s biggest challenge was this event of Matthew’s death, where she experienced loss as an orphan when her parents passed away as well as other people who adopted her. Anne shows maturity during this ordeal by worrying and taking care of Marilla even through her own state of despair. In which she’s able to establish the value of responsibility. Like the pieces of a puzzle where they’re put together to form a picture, it represents the inner-qualities that Anne gains from every experiences. Allow Anne to establish a sense of identity and adulthood. Therefore our identities are formed by the experiences and challenges that we face throughout our lives and are built upon the values we gain from every trial.

Sustainable Solutions Paper. DBA strategy Essay

Sustainable Solutions Paper. DBA strategy - Essay Example As a business that deals with fashion and lifestyle products, Albani is concerned with sustainability of its customers and suppliers. Being a leading company in the perfume industry, Albani can be ranked as a successful or unsuccessful company through considerable consideration of its business environment. This will require the use of appropriate and up to date business analysis tools including porter’s five forces, general force analysis tools, SWOT analysis, and detailed value analysis. Sustainable operations will only result from strategic thinking and planning by the company’s managers. In the strategic planning, the company will require addressing both its production and supply channels. Executive Summary Sustainability of a business depends on various factors. These factors are fundamental characteristic of the business environment in which a firm operates. The sustainable solution paper analyzes the immediate environment of Albani Corporation. The paper also anal yzes the future of the company in terms of sustainability of its strategies and business structures. The sustainable solution paper begins by looking at the internal environment of the company. Internal business environment include immediate business factors controlled by the business. Such factors define the weakness and the strength of the company in relation to its competitors. Secondly, the paper analyzes the external environment of the company. Through the analysis, the paper utilizes essential industry analysis tools, which include SWOT/ SCOT analysis, landscape analysis, Boid analysis, Value Chain Analysis. Based on the above industrial and business analysis tool, the paper gives a long tern focus on the future of the market and industry in which Albani company operates (Alas, 2007). This focus or prediction is based on strategies derived from each of the analysis. General Force Analysis: the company is subject to economic forces that affects people’s purchasing power and way of life. Technology determines the production capacity and quality of the products that the company produces. Finally, consumption of Albani products is based on demographic factors such as gender ratios and dependency ratio it was established that the company targets people aged between 15- 40 years of age. Porter’s Five-Force Analysis Power of buyers: Buyers in the perfume industry have relatively low power and hence a low effect on the prices of the products Bargaining power of suppliers: The industry has few suppliers and hence they have high powers or ability to control the market and profitability of firms. Threats of substitutes: the industry has greatly differentiated products and hence minimal threats of substitutes. SWOT Analysis Strengths: Strong brand and Wide customer base are the main strengths of the company. Weakness: Using its positive values or strength the company hopes to eliminate its weakness, which includes Stretching demand and requirements for summer fragrances. Opportunity: By utilizing its strengths, the company hopes to exploits its opportunities, which include Emerging markets, winter fragrances. Threats: Finally, the company can counter its threatening factors by eliminating its weakness, which includes influx of cheap products, and Changing trends and fashion. Fitness Landscape and Analysis The perfume industry is a dynamic industry that is expanding constantly. However, the company is

Answer these two question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer these two question - Assignment Example When contrasted with expenses such as business space rent, operating an online shop can be more affordable. This assists small business vendors having no sufficient capital to rent prime space or hire employees to set up as well as operate business (Akhter,2009). Reach: having an online store enables one to do business worldwide provided s/he can communicate via email, as opposed to traditional commerce where one only deals with people who come to the physical store. This also facilitates other ways of marketing that can only be done online, which increases sales and customers (Akhter,2009). Return rates: In a conventional shop, the client purchases goods in person, in the process getting the opportunity to check the items, touch and try them effectively reducing the complaints and returned items. On the other hand, online shopping is characterized by high returns, because many clients order and try goods at home, they will return them if they do not meet their expectations (Akhter,2009). Over the years, the phrase â€Å"electronic commerce† has been changing. Initially,† electronic commerce† referred to the electronic facilitation of commercial transactions by use of technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) that was introduced in 1970s.The EDI facilitated electronic sending of commercial documents such as invoices and purchase orders. The second major development involved the activities more accurately referred to as â€Å"Web commerce†-which is the buying of services and goods over the World Wide Web through secure servers such as HTTPS which is a unique server protocol capable of encrypting confidential ordering data to protect customers (Akhter,2009). Whereas the Internet, in 1994, started to progress in popularity amongst the general public, it took around 4 years to come up with security protocols such as DSL and HTTP which facilitated quick access in

Environmental Issues in the Pacific Islands Case Study

Environmental Issues in the Pacific Islands - Case Study Example References will be made to other regions that have formulated and implemented successful environmental programs to serve as guidance in deducing viable environmental projects or programs for the country. The Philippines now comprises of about 80 million people and the majority is found to be dwelling in urban areas. Among other Asian countries, the Philippines ranks as having one of the highest urbanized areas. The rapid increase in the population rate in general and in the urbanization rate in particular, has thus contributed much not only to resource depletion but also to the significant decrease in air and water quality levels. One of the direct results of this is the increase in the levels of waste generation. According to a World Bank study on Waste Generation (World Bank, 2001), the average Filipino generates around 0.3 to 0.7 kilograms of garbage daily depending on income levels. The highest waste-producing area is the National Capital Region, which accounts to 23% of the country's production, or 1/4 of the country's generation waste as a whole. In a similar study in 2004, the World Bank found that around 2.2 million metric tons of organic pollution have been produced annually by domestic (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent), and industrial (15 percent) sectors. Out of the identified regions with critical water levels, domestic and industrial sources were determined to be the major water pollutants. Inadequate wastewater treatment has affected the health of the people, with the water having found to contain significant presence of disease-causing bacteria and viruses, making it unsuitable for drinking and even bathing. On a more macro level, this poor water quality threatens biodiversity, and deteriorates the quality of life. Diseases such as gastro-enteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have all been attributed to poor water quality. As such, the water-related death rates and health outbreaks have been reported to increase over the years. Despite all of these, however, awareness of the urgent need to improve overall sanitation and implement more effective water pollution control have remained very low, as reflected by the low prioritization given to sanitation and sewerage investments. As it is, only a small portion of the country's population has access to sewer systems and decent sanitation facilities (World Bank, 2004). The enactment and implementation of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 which has led to the gradual phase out of leaded gasoline, has contributed much to the significant drop in the ambient lead levels. Despite this, however, other air pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxides and total oxidants remain in levels that exceed the standards and therefore are still considered a major concern. Industrialization and the growing population are seen to be the major contributors to this persistent problem. These air pollutants come from small and medium industries that use fossil fuels, with a high share of coal, as the main sources of industrial energy. Among these major air-polluting industries are those engaged in the use of iron, steel, fertilizer, and cement. In addition, the increase in urbanization has encouraged the establishment of

Gangs And Relationships With Drugs And Violence Criminology Essay

Gangs And Relationships With Drugs And Violence Criminology Essay There are very few things new to this world, money, greed, religion, or even science. But like all things, over time, ideas and concepts grow and reform, taking on seemingly new impressions in the eyes of the people. One of these ideas that has seemed to sneak up on the world is gangs, and their new found territory of untold violence and crime, that has rose and spread like the plague across America and many major countries around the world. Even though it seems to be an out of control problem, the complexity is still very simply understood and broke down to help reason why many would put themselves as well as their family in a life of crime. In the definition of a gang, it is explained as a loosely formed group of at least three people through which an organization, formation, or establishment of an assembly, share a common identity. However, gangs in todays society have taken the word to embody fear due to its relationship to criminal organization and the negative connotation that go with it. The group usually has a name to bond around with a structure of leaders or with one sole person in charge. Many of these developed gangs have started to use identifying signs such as colors, symbols or tattoos to distinguish themselves. These groups continuously and regularly commit crimes in support of the gang. As well as being known for trouble, gangs have grown from small street crimes to larger level felonies involving drug and weapon dealing causing a large number of unsettling homicides within the United States and around the world. The first street gang in the United States emerged sometime around the 1820s in New York City, and just thirty years later, there were more than two hundred fights reported. After only a few generations and a still steady flow of immigration, Chicago had reported more than a thousand gangs in 1920. In those days, most of the crimes involved small criminal activities and large brawls. Drug trafficking of todays gangs doesnt play a role until the later 1970s. As the same as in the 1920s, it doesnt take long for gangs to expand, grow, and relocate. In 2006, the United States reported active street gang members numbering around 785,000. Even with its birth in our country being New York, the ideology has spread across the nation and has settled in todays capitol of Los Angeles County, California. The county itself has somewhere around 120,000 with an estimated 41,000 within Los Angeles. To bring light to how fast the populations of gangs grow, in just one year, the number of known active members grew to around 900,000 in 2007. The United States Department of Justice estimates there are approximately 30,000 gangs, with 760,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities across the United States in its most recent reports and steadily growing every year. (Hagedorn, 2008) The numbers produced around the world are not much better. For instance, the Mexican drug cartel may have as many as 100,000 members not only involved in minor gang activity, but also produce a large percentage of the worlds drugs, which has become something the newer versions have evolved into. In addition to that, the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimates that the four largest Italian organized crime groups to be around 25,000 collectively with as many as 250,000 affiliates around the world. One of the largest single associated crime groups in the world, the Yakuza, has more than 102,000 members from what Japans reports say as of 2005. The United Kingdom has as many as a thousand known gangs as of 2009, and estimating that they are thought to make as much as  £352 billion through the drugs trade (Hagedorn, 2008). Regardless of origin, there are several different types of gangs, separated by race, religion, or simply by goals in life. However the most three concerned by law enforcement, and most influential types, are street gangs, prison gangs, and criminal gangs. Street gangs are the most widely known and fastest spreading organizations. The prison gang exist behind bars and add a new level to the street gang operations. The criminal gangs are normal associated and made popular by mob families, like the Italian Mob. With street gangs, the people involved generally have relatively similar backgrounds, motivations, and struggles with a self-formed union of peers. This formed group becomes united by mutual interests, with identifiable leadership and internal organization. Once the steps to becoming organized have been accomplished, the group can act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise. Street gangs often take over territory or turf, as commonly used, in a particular city and use this area as protection for themselves as well as providing protection for the community. Many gangs use the front of protection in the community to influence and gain revenue in an area safe from intrusion. Prison gangs are groups in a prison or correctional facility designed for mutual protection and advancement. These gangs tend to have more affiliates and chapters among the different prisons across the nation that interacts due to the high frequency of transfers. Studies have shown that there is a high correlation between street gangs and prison gangs (Hagendorn 2008). This is due to the fact that many gangs use the protection scare tactic to recruit large amounts of members quickly, transfer them, and expand even more. Even when behind bars, many gang leaders are able to communicate operations to the foot soldiers still on the streets. Like street gangs, criminal gangs also function in and out of the prison system, such as the Mexican Mafia does, where many of its highest members are locked up and still have control. Criminal gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like extortion, drug trafficking, both in and outside the prison system and theft. Criminal gangs are more involved with victimizing individuals by robbery and kidnapping. Cocaine is the primary drug of distribution by the criminal gangs in America, which like to use large cities like Chicago, Los Angeles and New York who all have large ports to export drugs internationally quickly. Often, the larger, more organized groups hire lookouts, which tend to be the smaller less organized street gangs, to warn members of upcoming law enforcement. This team work builds dangerous affiliations that help and make it more difficult to pin point specific gangs involved in crimes. The dense environment of urban cities, like public housing projects, c orruption of police, as well as the division between the relationship law enforcement has with such neighborhoods, has helped gang members escape and hide from police easily. As the gangs have grown and become more intelligent and organized, violence has become an effective weapon for advancement. Gang violence refers to mostly those illegal and non-political acts of violence committed by gangs against innocent people, property, or other gangs. Throughout history, such acts have been committed by gangs at all levels of organization and nearly every major city has been ravaged by gang violence at some point. Modern gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may also function as a rite of passage for new gang members, whether it be a beat into the gang or a killing of a rival member before a affiliate can become a full member. Because of this level of violence in the gang culture 58 percent of Los Angeles murders were reported to have been gang-related during 2006. Gang related homicides are concentrated mostly in the largest cities of the United States, where largest number of documented gang members reside. Ethnic solidarity is a common factor in gangs. Black and Hispanic gangs formed during the 1960s in the United States and often adapted independent style. Both majority and minority races in society have established gangs in the name of identity, like the Igbo gang or the Bakassi Boys for instance, who defend the majority Igbo group violently and through terror. As for the whites who feel threatened by minority, defensive counter rights have formed their own groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan to threaten minority groups back. Responding to a sudden increase in black and Hispanic migration, a white gang called Gaylords quickly formed in Chicago. If a person carries a gun while committing any crime, he or she can expect to face harsh penalties. State prosecutors or the United States Attorneys Office, depending on the nature of the crime and the severity of the violence, may prosecute firearms offenses. Illegally carrying a handgun is a Class A misdemeanor, unless it is carried on any premises where alcohol is being sold, in which case it is a third-degree felony. A person who allows a child to gain access to a loaded firearm may be charged with a Class A misdemeanor if the child discharges the firearm and causes death or serious bodily injury to himself or another person. Federal gun laws are very strict. A person can be punished by up to 10 years in prison if convicted of illegally possessing or receiving a gun or ammunition. A person may also receive a minimum sentence of 15 years without parole if the person has three or more prior convictions for a violent felony and/or a drug trafficking felony. Certain individuals, such as felons or drug users, are prohibited from possessing firearms or ammunition. Using, carrying or possessing a firearm in connection with a federal drug felony or crime of violence may result in punishment ranging from at least five years up to life in federal prison without parole. It is illegal under federal law for most citizens to possess certain firearms such as machine guns, assault weapons, silencers, sawed-off shotguns or rifles, or certain other destructive devices. Possessing or receiving a firearm with an obliterated or altered serial number is also illegal and is punishable by up to five years in prison. These crimes may range from Class C misdemeanors to serious felonies. It is illegal to be a member of a gang on a public school campus. It is illegal to coerce, induce or solicit a child to actively participate in the activities of a criminal street gang through the use of threats or violence. It is a state jail felony to threaten a child into joining a gang and a third-degree felony if bodily injury is caused. If you have been threatened or coerced into joining a gang, you are a victim of a crime. It is natural to feel intimidated or be fearful of retaliation when this occurs, but what happened to you was not your fault and it was a crime. Report this criminal activity immediately to your school resource officer or the local authorities. State law provides for punishment enhancements for offenses committed with a gang. Simply put, gang membership gets you into more trouble and gets you a harsher sentence. Who gets to say they are wrong for wanting to defend themselves. The concept of the gang as a form of protection reaches back centuries, from immigrants grouping to stay alive on the streets, to the foreign villages battling over land. There have been many researches done on gangs and their reason for existence to try to find the core of the problem. One of the many studies done on the youth searched to single out and concentrate on the relationship between gang members and individual levels of criminal behavior. The research done in both the United States and Canada has shown the obvious, that even after separating mass triggers from individual level characteristics, gang members are more delinquent and tend to be more involved in committing crimes than do non-gang members. The conclusion drawn from these findings is that the observed relationship between gang membership and offending levels cant be explained through a simple process singling out individual traits, but instead by understanding additional influences that gang members bring to allow higher levels of criminal behavior among the individuals who join, especially for behaviors relating to guns and violence. Case in point, involvement in gangs significan tly increases the probability that a juvenile will be involved in an exchange involving a firearm. The above information leads to implications that patterns and levels of firearm violence is evident at the community level. As membership in a gang opens the door for the possibility for a gun to be used, there becomes an increase in firearm related violence. The violence tends to be concentrated around the activity space of gangs, or on their turf. The research was conducted in what is now being referred to as an emerging gang city, or the class of cities that only recently have been introduced to gangs and have began to experience serious problems with violent urban street gangs in the last twenty years. The other classes of cities include places like Los Angeles and Chicago, which have had a much longer story of gangs and are now known as chronic gang cities. Though some of the initial emergent gang cities have experienced a significant decline in gang activity, others appear well on their way towards becoming chronic gang cities. (Tita, 2007) A small amount of information is known about how inner-city street gangs evolve over time within an emerging gang cities. Other countries that are relatively new to the gang territory, like Canada, may provide researchers with an invaluable opportunity to study juveniles and gangs to determine the scenarios that support the development of local gangs from loosely associated groups into stronger, organized, local neighborhood establishments. Furthermore, it is important to learn and understand more intervention activities that could be most efficient at inhibiting such growth before gangs and gang violence becomes a chronic problem in more cities. This is especially important as studies have shown that gangs and the gang violence correlation often begins in heavily populated areas and spreads to smaller cities. The participation in the drug market has also revealed a relation to gun violence. Even though many studies involve gangs as the primary ignition source responsible for increased levels of gun violence, the participation in dealing drugs has also made firearm involvement more probable. That is, those who buy or sell drugs do experience higher levels of gun violence than non-drug participants (Tita ET AL). With the information, a strong case can be put together that the arrival of the crack cocaine market was accountable for the explosion of guns within the urban communities of the United States. Guns became an essential tool to promote and produce, and deal in the drug market. This seems to suggest that drug markets do serve as a source of conflict that ends up closing with gun violence more times than not. This relationship has not only been evident in the United States, but in England, Wales, Scotland, and Canada as well. Tita (2007) also gave to that: Given that sellers carried large sums of cash and valuable drugs, they needed to protect themselves against acts of robbery. As youth participation in the drug markets increased, carrying firearms soon became a status symbol and the carrying of guns soon diffused to non-drug youth as well.  (p. 11) But other than gun and drug prevention efforts, more can be done to further remove the problem from a much deeper source. Studies of juveniles, done within the United States, made it clear that juveniles who decide join gangs tend to have lower levels of parental attachment. This can be due to many situations, but most commonly due to the crumbling importance of family value and structure as well as the poor economic situation in many areas. This has caused parents or guardians to work two to three jobs, missing out on valuable time to be a childs deterrence from getting involved in trouble with gangs. Along with missing guidance in their lives, the young members that were prone to join gangs also exhibited aggressive behavior early in life, did poorly in school, and have lower levels of self-control. Gang members also tend to be among the lower members of society in terms of social and economic status and are said to have little to no chance to create the drive necessary to make it in the world. Being part of a minority groups is also a main characteristic in a gang community, combined with the members residing are in high levels of concentrated poverty, joblessness and crime give them all something in common to bond to. For these people to move away from these characteristic, investment in the community to produce better education, access to jobs, basic public services, and possible recreation alternatives the people is needed before they learn the negative behaviors. There are many major reasons that these gangs feel the need to be violent. One of the main focuses between gangs is their belief in respect and control over their turf which motivates most gang-on-gang violence. To many peoples disbelief, the drug dealing business plays a very small role in the violence, yet still just as serious. Compared to non-gang homicides, gang homicides tend to involve multiple suspects in an outdoor environment, more likely concentrated in the neighborhood of the gang, more often involving a gun. Even though it is known that gangs have designated missions to take out other gang members or acting in order to defend themselves, much of the violence that is recorded is opportunistic with more than one-third of all gang homicides occurred in areas where neither the victim nor offender resided. Regardless of the numbers recorded, there is definitely a link between drug use and the increased likelihood of being involved in an incident in which a firearm is present. Young adults and juveniles that have been questioned about using or dealing drugs reported carrying a gun far more often than do peers not involved with illegal drugs. These finding are elevated among gang members with a far larger margin within the gang. Not only do they carry and use guns at a higher rate, but they are also much more likely to be involved in a homicide. These results hold true for females as well. There is an ongoing debate regarding the relationship between firearm accessibility and levels of gun violence. Compared to the rest of the world, citizens in the United States have greater access to the legal purchase of firearms causing many to point to this as a factor for why the United States has a much higher rate of violence than do other developed nations. However, there are some findings from studies conducted by other countries, Canada, Australia, Asia, and Europe, that contradict this believe. Many believe that lower murder rates in foreign countries prove that gun control works, however this is false. Lower murder rates have been one of the favorite arguments for gun control, and yet the numbers show that there is no direct correlation between gun control laws and murder rates across a wide spectrum of nations and cultures. In Israel and Switzerland, for example, a license to possess guns is available on demand to every law-abiding adult, and guns are easily obtainable in both nations. Both countries also allow widespread carrying of concealed firearms, and yet one of the foremost medical advocates of gun control, Switzerland and Israel have rates of homicide that are low despite rates of home firearm ownership that are at least as high as those in the United States. A comparison of crime rates within Europe reveals no correlation between access to guns and crime. The basic premise of the gun control movement, that easy access to guns causes higher crime, is contradicted by the facts, by history and by reason. In fact, within the United States, the states that allow registered citizens to carry concealed weapons have lower crime rates than those that dont. Out of the 31 states that have shall issue laws allowing private citizens to carry concealed weapons have, on average, a 24 percent lower violent crime rate, a 19 percent lower murder rate and a 39 percent lower robbery rate than states that forbid concealed weapons. In fact, the nine states with the lowest violent crime rates are all right-to-carry states. One large finding shows that guns are used for self-defense more than two million times a year, which is somewhere between three to five times the estimated numbers of violent crimes committed with guns. Conclusion: Lampo, D. (2010). Gun Control: Myths and Realities. Cato Institute: Daily Commentary. The Cato aaaaaaaInstitute. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4706 Tita, George. ET AL. (2007). Strategies for Reducing Gun Violence: The Role of Gangs, Drugs and aaaaaaaaFirearm Accessibility. National Crime Prevention Center, Research Report, 3, 1-53. Braga, A., Pierce, G. McDevitt, J. (2008). The Strategic Prevention of Gun Violence Among Gang-aaaaaaaInvolved Offenders. Justice Quarterly, 25 (1), 132-157. Melde, C., and Rennison, C.M. (2010). Intimidation and Street Gangs: Understanding the Response of aaaaaaVictims and Bystanders to Perceive Gang Violence. Justice Quarterly, 27(5), 621-657. Archbold, C., Meyer, M. (1999). Anatomy of a Gang Suppression Unit: The Social Construction of an aaaaaaaOrganizational Response to Gang Problem. Policing Quarterly, 2(2), 201-224. Garcia ET AL. (2007). Impacts of Violent Crime and Neighborhood Structure on Trusting Your Neighbors. aaaaaaaJustice Quarterly, 24(4), 680-702. Freng, A. and Ebensen, F. (2007). Race and Gang Affiliation: An Examination of Multiple aaaaaaaMarginality. Justice Quarterly, 24(4), 600-628. Hagedorn, J. (2008). Tutor Gig Encyclopedia. Gangs. Retrieved April 27, 2011, from www.tutorgig.com/ed/Gangs Hochstetler ET AL. (2007). Toward an Integrated Model of Offending Frequency: A Replication aaaaaaaaStudy. Justice Quarterly, 24(4), 582-597.

Self Discovery in Saul Bellows Henderson the Rain King :: Henderson the Rain King

Self Discovery in Saul Bellow's Henderson the Rain King Have you ever felt like a complete social out cast? Some one who has trouble fitting in and has never quite found their true calling. Being shunned by those closest to him and being unaccepted by society, the character in this novel is a perfect example. Saul Bellow's character Eugene Henderson, in, Henderson the Rain King, (1959), is a man who struggles to change his ways and find out his true calling. In this novel, a 55-year old man, tries to get through a mid-life crisis. The millionaire decides to go to Africa in an attempt to find himself. He meets two tribes while there. The first one he nearly destroys in an attempt to rid their watering hole of frogs. The next tribe helps Henderson the most on his quest. He unknowingly participates in a ritual to bring rain to the tribe, the success of which leads to his acclamation as Sungo, or Rain King. This experience with the tribe helps him to realize that his true destiny is as a healer. He returns back to America, planning to enter medical school. Eugene Henderson starts off the book as a unpredictable man, with little conscious to guide him. It seems as though he almost intentionally hurts those closest to him. After telling his wife that he has had enough of everything, and that he was going to "blow his brains out," he explains that this hurt his wife for more than one reason. Perhaps the most apparent reason was that "Her father had committed suicide in the same way, with a pistol (11)." Throwing tantrums like these, cause him to be very unlikable in the beginning of the novel. Once he has arrived in Africa, you start to see a different side of him. Then after leaving the first tribe and staying with the second one for a while, his personality really begins to grow on you. He explains that, "At one time, much earlier in this life of mine, suffering had a certain spice (263)." I feel that this shows how he is growing as a person and being able to find out more about who he really is. Towards the end of the novel, the change that has come over him becomes really apparent. After a conversation with the king, he says, "For his sake I accepted the discipline of being like a lion.

In Westminster Abbey Analysis

Essay: â€Å"In Westminster Abbey†Ã¢â‚¬Å"In Westminster Abbey† by John Betjeman is a poem that tells the story of a woman in a famous church in London and her prayer to the Lord. Each stanza in the poem contains something that the speaker wants from the Lord. And as one reads through the poem, a more keen understanding of the woman praying is formed, and it is likely drastically different from the original perception gained in the first two stanzas. In â€Å"In Westminster Abbey,† John Betjeman uses the speaker’s prayer and flaws in Christianity to illustrate to the reader that an individual is not always how they appear. Considering the length of the poem, there is quite a bit of information told about the speaker’s identity and personality. Firstly, the speaker is likely a female. She states that she will â€Å"Join the Women’s Army Corps,† which footnote number six on pg. 122 of The Norton Introduction To Poetry says was the old World War One name for the Auxiliary Territorial Service, a primarily female organization specializing in domestic defense. The usage of the WWI name for the organization would suggest that the speaker would be at least in her mid to upper thirties. The footnotes note as well that the address she tells the Lord to â€Å"put beneath Thy special care† (24) belongs to a â€Å"fashionable† part of London, which indeed implies wealth. Another bit of personality that shows up quite frequently within the poem is the speaker’s demanding tone. She doesn’t ever ask the lord for the favors listed, she simply demands them. Lines like â€Å"[l]isten to a lady’s cry† (6), â€Å"[d]on’t let anyone bomb me† (12), and of course the last two lines where she demands the Lord answer her right then because she has other plans, â€Å"And now, dear Lord, I cannot wait/Because I have a luncheon date†(41 – 42). One of the more prominent details about the speaker that really shapes the latter half of the poem is that the speaker is not a true Christian. She provides incentives to the Lord by telling him â€Å"Now I’ll come to Evening Service/Whensoever I have the time† (27 – 28). All of this, of course, in hopes to prompt an immediate response. Claiming to â€Å"feel a little better† (37); she tells the Lord just how great it was to have had him talk with her (38). Betjeman, however, does not include any dialogue from the Lord back to the speaker. Although we would not expect the Lord to speak out loud directly to her, there are no other examples within the poem that suggest the Lord answers her prayers or even acknowledges her dismal attempt at prayer. I inferred that this is completely intentional on the author’s part. It creates a sense of ambiguity about the speaker’s standing with God. Now, through the descriptors of the speaker within the poem, we see her as a roughly middle aged, wealthy, and demanding woman who fails to comply with an ideal Christian life because of her egocentric personality. Set in a famous London gothic church, where monarchs have been crowned and many famous individuals were buried, the poem depicts a middle aged woman praying. This is an image that readers can relate to. Everyone can conjure up a memory from a time when they’ve seen a Christian woman praying, whether it is in person or through media. It is also the first image that the reader acquires of the speaker. The second and third stanzas don’t seem to contain anything unbecoming of a true Christian, given the situation of London in 1940 with the bombardment of their city from Germany. It is reasonable to assume that a woman who is living in London at the time and who might know or know of people that have died would be slightly emotional during her prayer and say â€Å"oh bomb the Germans. /Spare their women for Thy Sake,/And if that is not too easy/We will pardon Thy Mistake†(7 – 10). The egocentricity and naivety of the speaker really reveals itself starting in the fourth stanza. She tells the lord to â€Å"[t]hink of what our nation stands for† (19), and yet proceeds to name off completely irrational things. Most residents in London would probably disagree with their Nation standing for books bought from a local pharmacy, class distinction and proper drains. Although these things could be considered nice, they aren’t representative of the population. In a matter of one stanza, the image of the speaker the reader receives completely changes from the innocent wholesome churchgoer, to a self-interested pseudo-Christian who in times of trouble goes to the Lord in prayer expecting and demanding her safety, harm for the Germans, and a slew of other tasks. A person’s initial appearance is not always representative of their true nature. This is precisely the message intended to be received by the reader. John Betjeman is clearly separated from the speaker in the story. A main determining factor is that he is a male, and the speaker of the poem is female. The author seems to be expressing his personal beliefs and Christian ideals by creating the character in the poem who embodies almost the complete opposite ideology of the author. Even still, the poem appears a dramatic monologue. Writing in this style of lyric poetry allows John Betjeman to be completely removed from the poem and thus he gets his point across much more effectively. Had he done something like make the speaker a male, readers could falsely associate some of the elements of the poem with the author as opposed to considering them as an independent entity. The tone that is established by the time the conclusion of the poem reaches the forefront makes the reader want to analyze and judge the speaker, rather than identify with and feel sympathetic towards her. Words that help establish this tone come at the end of many of the lines. Words like â€Å"[m]istake†(10) and â€Å"fights†(17) create a negative connotation which the reader associates with the speaker. These words also help with the transformation from the â€Å"good image† of the speaker to the â€Å"egotistical image† that comes later. In the first stanza there is â€Å"lie†(5) and â€Å"cry†(6) at the end of lines. By the fifth stanza, when the perception of the speaker has changed there are the words â€Å"sinner†(25) and â€Å"crime†(26). These words in correlation with the setting of the poem and the time period that it takes place encompass the negative, condescending tone quite adequately. It is a time in London where people would want to be true to their faith and really take consolation in the Lord for protection, especially considering the role religion played in lives around 1940. Yet it appears that the only reason the speaker had to go to church in the first place was minute one. She could have simply been passing by the church on her way to a lunch date, and found it convenient to make her plea to the Lord. The organization of the stanzas by Betjeman into their specific order contributes to the reader’s perception of the speaker. As stated above, the view of the speaker from the reader’s perspective delineates from an average churchgoer in a time of crisis, to something much less respected at the time: an untrue Christian. If the stanzas of the poem were arranged in another order the perception of the female speaker would likely change with it. For example starting the poem with the second stanza could show the speaker in a cynical light, or if Betjeman decided to start with one of the latter stanzas such as stanza five, then the reader is informed of the shallow nature of the speaker much earlier causing for a lesser effect on the reader at poems end. It is because of the order in which the stanzas exist that allows the reader to really take away the message: people are not always as they first seem. This particular poem possesses a meter of trochaic tetrameter and a rhyme scheme of ABCBDD. Both of these particular elements contribute to the overall feel and tone of the poem. Unlike iambic meter, which generally provides an uplifting flowing feel, the use of trochaic meter does quite the opposite. As the poem is read the use of the troche makes the poem seem to drag along and makes the tone more dismal, which is appropriate when considering Betjeman’s view of the speaker. The rhyme scheme of ABCBDD contributes in a similar sense. The B rhyming words and the pair of D’s at the end of their respective lines tend to be the more important words from the stanza. In stanza 2 those rhyming words are sake, mistake, be, and me. When each of these words is taken individually in relation to the poem itself, it becomes clear as to why they were chosen. â€Å"Be† and â€Å"me† could help display the speakers demanding nature, and egocentricity. â€Å"Sake† and â€Å"mistake† could be words that hint at how the author is viewing the speaker’s prayer. They invoke feelings of apathy when read in the context of the poem. Individuals are not always as they first appear, much as the speaker of â€Å"In Westminster Abbey† appears to be an average Christian praying at the Gothic church while her Nation is in a time of peril. But in fact she is quite concerned with the opposite. It is not for the wellbeing of her associates and neighbors that she is worried, but herself instead. Egocentric ideals and naivety cloud the speaker’s judgment, and it is through this that John Betjeman is able to so clearly express his ideas. It is safe to say that he does this quite clearly throughout the entirety of the poem, but there are still some things readers can ponder. What event did John Betjeman experience or witness that made him feel so strongly as to compose this poem? Or is it simply a tribute to those true Christians and a criticism of those not on the righteous path? Nonetheless, Betjeman effectively expresses a message that is easily portrayed to readers of â€Å"In Westminster Abbey† regardless of which side of the fence of Christianity they reside on.

The fear of changing jobs

The fear of changing jobs A life changing DecisionIn the life of every man there is the moment when something should be changed.Some people feel abstract influences, another definitely knows what exactly should be doneto have their own life changed in the way they wish. For me the decision to abandon myformer job in search of a new and more challenging vocation was taken because of adownward change in the auto industry. With my former profession I was not confident inthe way I had chosen it. It was like doing the things you did not wish to do. I decided tochange my career to a new and more challenging profession. I have finally found a new moredetermined comfort with myself. This new profession will lead to a new avenue of success.However, before the decision was made there was an impediment, the internal bar whichblocked my free will, the fear.One Fear illustration from Book of FearsFor sometime I have been working for American Axle. Now, I see that I neverreally wanted to do that, however I did. The idea of changing my job and abandoning theauto industry was not new for me. I had already been thinking about it but did not trulybelieve I could do it. The uncertainty and diffidence were causing me to forget about anyfurther actions. I was about the age of 30, and the thought that it was too late for radicalchanges pushed me back to the factory every day. I was unhappy. I have been doing myduties and my work with little interest and could not get rid of the thought that I am losingvaluable time, since I am not getting any younger. Finally, I started to feel really bad aboutit. Nothing could take away the continual...

Harry Davis Jr Essays - Sociology, Philosophy, Humanities

Harry Davis Jr Essays - Sociology, Philosophy, Humanities Harry Davis Jr Final Exam Dr. Thomas Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim believed in functionalism which is the perspective that is largely based on the work of Durkheim. According to functionalism society is a system of interconnected parts that that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium. Functionalist emphasizes the interconnectedness of society by focusing on how each part can influence another. Division of Labor (mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity) Mechanical Solidarity- is the sense of togetherness in a society that arises when people, performing similar work, share similar experiences, customs, values, and beliefs. Sociologist Emile Durkheim coined the term in 1893 to explain what keeps some kinds of societies together, or put another way, why a society does not fragment. Durkheim says it connects the individual to society without any intermediary. Society is organized collectively and all members of group share the same belief. Organic Solidarity- Organic solidarity is social unity b ased on a division of labor that results in people depending on each other; it contrasts with mechanical solidarity. In sociology, organic solidarity explains what binds technologically advanced, industrialized societies together. Society is a system of different functions that are united by definite relationships. Karl Marx Karl Marx was raised by jews and converted to Luthernaism and he is also the founder of communism. Capitalism System of government is democratic, property is privately owned and driven by free enterprise. Wealth is distributed unevenly, education and health care provided by private entities. Freedom of the press Class distinctions: upper class, middle class and working class Focus is on the individual and his/her own progress in life. While communism is a system of government is totalitarian, property is owned by the state with no free enterprise is allowed. Wealth is distributed equally, education and health care provided by the state and press controlled and owned by the state classless society: all members of society are considered to be equal Focus is on the progress of the community as a whole. Karl Marx also believed in Marxism which is; the economic and political theory and practice originated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that holds that actions and human institutions are economically determined, that the class struggle is the basic agency of historical change, and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism. Marx moral critique of capitalism began with his idea of alienation. The system of capitalism makes work become increasingly dehumanizing. Karl Marx was a philosopher who believed that capitalism was flawed and the socialist economic approaches would yield better results. Max Weber Max Weber is a German sociologist best known for his combining of economic sociology and the sociology of religion. He was associated with the rise in the Western Protestantism was one of the major elective affinities associated with the rise in western world of market, Max Weber was a strong beli ever in the sociological perspective which is the study of human life and social interactions as well as these interactions shape group and society as a whole. This perspective views society as a prouct created by humans that can be changed. He also came up with beaucracy which has six steps 1. A formal hierarchical structure " Each level controls the level below and is controlled by the level above. A formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision making. " 2. Management by rules " Controlling by rules allows decisions made at high levels to be executed consistently by all lower levels. " 3. Organ ization by functional spe cialty " Work is to be done by specialists, and people are organized into units based on the type of work they do or skills they have. " 4. An "up-f ocused" or "in-focused" mission " If the mission is described as "up-focused," then the organization's purpose is to serve the stockholders, the board, or whatever agency empowered it. " 5. Purposely impersona l " The idea is to treat all employees equally and customers equally, and not be influenced by individual differences. " 6. Employment ba sed on technical qualifications " The bureaucratic form, according to Parkinson, has another attribute. "

The Natural Rate of Unemployment Research Proposal

The Natural Rate of Unemployment - Research Proposal Example According to the model, the workers and the firms undertake negotiation in order to decide on the nominal this. This negotiation is done irrespective of the expected price level of the economy. The nominal wage is determined as the product of the target real wage rate and the expected level of price in the economy. Most of the economists are of the opinion that the nominal wage in the economy is sticky in the short run. With a sticky nominal wage in the economy, the prices would increase from P to P0. This would reduce the real wage rate in the economy. Since the wages are the prices for labor the demand curve for labor would be a downward sloping curve and the supply curve would be an upward rising one. The now the labor market would comprise of the employed and the unemployed labor force. Thus the total labor in the economy would be Therefore the level of unemployed in the economy would be LN, where L is the total labor force, N is the employed and U is unemployed. Therefore the natural rate of unemployment in the economy would be U* / L. Now the wage setting relation establishes a negative relationship between the real wage that exists in the economy and the rate of unemployment existing in the economy. This relation can be represented by the downward sloping curve that is shown in the diagram below. As the rate of unemployment in the economy would increase the wages that the laborers would demand would be less (Broughton, 2009. pp. 3-5).

Law - Mock Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law - Mock Final Exam - Assignment Example Mouza called the developer and complained and argued very loudly that the floor tiles in every room were the wrong color and there were no doors in the bedrooms. She got so stressed with everything as she walked through the villa that she slipped on a wet floor, fainted, and broke her wrist and her new iphone 4S as she fell to the floor. _____The civil Court has the jurisdiction to handle the case as it involves a commercial dispute between Mouza and RUCON which the company that handled the construction. There is also a breach of contract in the case as the contractor failed to carry out the work as required in the contrtact.____________________________________________________________________ ___The appeal will be heard in the Court of Appeal within a period of 30 days from the day of judgment. This is because the Court of Appeal has the powers to handle and appeal emanating from the Civil Court. _____RUCON will be referred to as the appellant as the company will have filed the appeal. Mouza will be referred to as the appellee in the case. _____________________________________________________________________ _____In Abu Dhabi, the Federal Supreme Court of Appeal is responsible for making the final judgment regarding the cases that emanates from the other courts. _____________________________________________________________________ _____If RUCON LLC was based in Dubai, the final decision would have been made by the Court of Cassation. The Court of Cassation is the highest Court in Dubai. _____________________________________________________________________ __The first legal action in the case involves the breach of contract by the company. According to Article 131, RUCON had accepted the contract by entering into an agreement with Mouza to construct the house. On the other hand, it is also important to note that the RUCON promised to complete the work within the completion date as and as required by

Ethical and Legal Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethical and Legal Issues - Essay Example The first question is how and why are such practices allowed To answer this, it is necessary to see how progressive our laws and regulations are on the matter of privacy. Basically the concept is one of fundamental laws. Many states' constitutions or charters provide a clause which basically provides the fundamental right to privacy. In the United States, federal statutes have been passed which implements the right to privacy in the context of the digital realm, ensuring that the people are informed of their rights of privacy and the manner in which they exercise them. The Gramm Leach Bliley Act1 (1999) requires banks and financial institutions to clearly disclose to customers any intention to share to a third party personal information, giving them the option of nondisclosure. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act2 (HPIAA) (1996) requires health care providers similar legal obligations in informing the customers how their health information is used and ensures confidentiality of health care information. The HPIAA giving the consumer access to their own health information, and explicitly requires the authorization of the consumer before their health information can be disclosed to anyone. Another similar legislative act is the... Also, websites that collect a child's info needs verified parental consent in collecting, using or disclosing that info. In the United Kingdom, as well as the other members of the European Union, legislation has been based on the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms4 on the concept of privacy vis--vis the freedom of expression. In addition, other Conventions and Treaties provide additional specialized legislation on the matter, such as the United Nations' Guidelines for the Regulation of Computerized Personal Data Files5, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)'s Guidelines for the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, and the European Council's Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data6, the European Parliament and the Council of October 24, 1995's Directive 95/46/EC7 and Directive 97/66/EC of the Council of November 4, 19978 all will the same objective in mind, proper use and regulation of how personal information is used and transmitted. How our personal information gets on the internet in the first place, is basically of our own doing. We sign up with email accounts, shopping accounts, newsgroups and forums, all the while sharing bits and pieces of our identity. A name here, a credit card number there, and all these come together to our disadvantage, and the advantage of others. A good example is if we sign up for the very popular free email service of Yahoo! Inc., which is also one of the biggest search engines, and offers all sorts of services to their members and non-members

Rationale, Treatment, Objectives Essay Example for Free

Rationale, Treatment, Objectives Essay The group has decided to teach this age group because the group believes that in this age group, the minds of the children are still very curious and retention can be increased because of their curious nature. The group has seen this topic as an important lesson to tech to children because we are human being and we need to know what is going on in our body. So we can understand what we need to eat and what is harmful to our body. We also need to know the process and we need to know how can we keep our body healthy. The group has also decided that the medium to be used for this project will be the E-Module, because it has the capacity of stimulating more than one sense of the body (hearing and sight). As discussed in previous lessons in DEVC 40, the more senses we stimulate, the more information is retained. Also, the E-Module format is more participatory, making the learner a part of the learning process. It is an interactive format, meaning learner participation is a must to proceed. It also makes learning more fun for the learner, therefore encouraging the participants to learn and get more out of the module. So this module can be very useful especially to the slow learners. They can learn while enjoying and as we all know, kids like colorful things and interactive type of learning rather than mere lecture. Finally, given the right hardware, the E-Module is accessible any since it can be put in a CD or it can be uploaded to the internet. This means the material can be viewed by anyone with a computer, or with anyone who has a connection to the internet. Treatment: The E-Module will be done using google chrome browser because it is an instant flash player. The E-Module will have a home page where the Digestive system is displayed. Links will then be displayed in one of the sides of the screen, probably on the top or the left side. These links will specify the topics that are to be discussed within the lesson. When the learner clicks on a link, he will be navigated to a page where the introduction to the topic is shown. To proceed, the student must click on the arrow next link. At the end of each sub-lesson, a brief summary will be presented. After this, the student will be given the option of continuing with the â€Å"normal† flow of the lesson or go back to the home page to choose a topic that the learner wishes to take or just continue clicking on the next tab until the final lesson is reached. At the games section, there will be games and one of it will serve as quiz. The quiz will be a traditional question and answer type or a game. At the end of the module, credits will be shown. Objectives: After viewing the E-Module, the participants must be able to perform the following: a. State at least four parts of the digestive system and its function. b. Explain in at least two sentences on digestion process. c. Identify at least six correct answers on quiz.

Understanding The Term Data Processing Information Technology Essay

Understanding The Term Data Processing Information Technology Essay Data processing is any computer process that converts data into information or knowledge. The processing is usually assumed to be automated and running on a computer. Because data are most useful when well-presented and actually informative, data-processing systems are often referred to as information systems to emphasize their practicality. Nevertheless, both terms are roughly synonymous, performing similar conversions; data-processing systems typically manipulate raw data into information. Information : Information is data that has been processed for use. Relationship between data processing and information in a computer system When information is entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to as data. After processing (such as formatting and printing), output data can again be perceived as information. Data processing is the actual process of converting the information into data and vice versa in a computer system. 2 Distinguish between data and information data is what is entered into and stored in a computer after the data has been processed it is called information. 3 why are digital computer useful in data processing A digital computer is the main mechanism used for transforming data in data processing. 4. Describe in detail the physical security, the social environment under which the computer performs best. Computer perform best in a cool and clean environment as dirt and heat affect the performance of a computer system SECTION B (COMPUTER PROGRAM) I. Distinguish between low level language and high level language. The main difference of high-level languages and low-level languages is that high-level languages are easier to read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter. II. Explain the acronyms COBOL: Acronym for common business oriented language. Developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s,. It is particularly popular for business applications that run on large computers. COBOL is still the most widely used programming language in the world. FORTRAN : Acronym for formula translator,. Designed by John Backus for IBM in the late 1950s, it is still popular today, particularly for scientific applications that require extensive mathematical computations. BASIC: Acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC is one of the earliest and simplest high-level programming languages. Despite its simplicity, BASIC is used for a wide variety of business applications. There is an ANSI standard for the BASIC language, but most versions of BASIC include many proprietary extensions. Microsofts popular Visual Basic, for example, adds many object-oriented features to the standard BASIC. ALGOL: ALGOL (short for ALGOrithmic Language)[1] the de facto way algorithms were described in text-books and academic works for almost the next 30 years. These languages are best suited for text based data processing. III Mention and explain three special purpose high level language. 1 Ruby : is a dynamic, reflective, general purpose object-oriented programming language. Ruby supports multiple programming paradigms (including functional, object oriented and imperative), and features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. 2 Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. Perl borrows features from a variety of other languages including C, shell scripting (sh), AWK, sed and Lisp.[1] Perl was widely adopted for its strengths in text processing and lack of the arbitrary limitations of many scripting languages at the time.[2] 3 Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability.[2] Pythons core syntax and semantics are minimalist, while the standard library is large and comprehensive. Python supports multiple programming paradigms (primarily functional, object oriented and imperative), and features a fully dynamic type system and automatic memory management; it is thus similar to Perl, Ruby, Scheme, and Tcl. IV. What is a language processor and why are they necessary A hardware device designed or used to perform tasks, such as processing program code to machine code. Language processors are found in languages such as Fortran and COBOL . They are necessary because they are used to convert your program code to machine code V. what is the difference between a compiler and interpreter? ÂÂ  Compiler willÂÂ  translate the sourceÂÂ  code written in some kind of programming language, and then ultimately translates it into object code or machine language while The interpreter translates instructions one at a time, and then executes those instructions immediately. The compiler is itself a computer program written usually in some implementation language. SECTION C(DBM) Define the following 1. Field A field is a space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax form, for example, contains a number of fields: one for your name, one for your Social Security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells. Most fields have certain attributes associated with them. For example, some fields are numeric whereas others are textual, some are long, while others are short. In addition, every field has a name, called the field name. 2. Record Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. Some programming languages allow you to define a special data structure called a record. Generally, a record is a combination of other data objects. For example, a record might contain three integers, a floating-point number, and a character string. 3. File A file is a collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text files , program files, directory files, and so on. Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text. 4. Bit Short for binary digit, it is the smallest unit of information on a machine. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits. 5.Character A character is any symbol that requires one byte of storage. This includes all the ASCII and extended ASCII characters, including the space character the term character is generally reserved for letters, numbers, and punctuation. (ii) Identify three file organisation method known to you and state their merit and demerit.

Essay --

Science project: Creating a cell Cell membrane The cell membrane in the plant controls what comes into the cell. If something is needed the membrane lets the cell get past. In a plant, the membrane is surrounding the cytoplasm and the cell itself. The main function: The cell membrane has the important job to support the cell membrane and cytoskeleton inside of it. The membrane does the same job to the cytoplasm as it does to the cell. It lets some proteins in and keeps others out. In a plant, the membrane also serves an attachment to the cytoplasm. This means the membrane supports the cell and keeps it in shape. The membrane is made up of two parts, the internal and outer membrane. The outer membrane controls what comes in of the cell and how much of it is needed. The inner membrane supports the cell and controls the exchange of organelles from its cell to another. However, membranes are semi-permeable. This means that they allow very small molecules in even if not needed. Like oxygen and carbon molecules. The cell transport proteins to other cells that keeps the cell healthier. Other parts that help the membrane transport organelles are transmembrane proteins. These proteins are spread around the whole membrane. There are four types of transme mbrane proteins transporters, receptors, anchor and enzyme. Transporters carry one molecule to another. The enzyme transforms a molecule to a different form. An anchor protein can connect an outer molecule with an inner molecule. What are they made of; Cell membranes are made up of a phospholipids bilayer. The bilayer is made of many phospholipids side by side. The phospholipids has one glycerol two fatty acids and one phosphate heads. This compares to a †¦ Laser alarm: ... ...reate a chemical reaction to make NADPH and ATP. Now the dark reaction. The ATP from the light reaction is used to make carbohydrates from hydrogen. The carbohydrates posses and energy that are given by the ATP and NADPH. This carbohydrate has the chemical energy to make glucose (sugar) that is the main source of their food. The chloroplast’s ability to do the process photosynthesis is not only helpful to plant but to animals that eat plants. This because a plant cannot live without food and an animal’s food is a plant. What is it made of: A chloroplast is made up of lipids and protein membranes that are folded in a complex way. This compares to a: Solar panel: Similarities: †¢ Converts sun light to energy †¢ Just like the chloroplast, the solar panel stores the energy from the day so they can use it for the night too. †¢

Baroque Music and Renaissance Period

Who were the Poor Classes? Why is it somewhat surprising that they were accomplished musicians? They were nuns in the Catholic Church. Its was a surprise because they were nuns and wasn't expected to be great musicians. What is a chanson? A song in French, or a French song. What is the song â€Å"Fine Knacks for Ladies† about? What type of song is it? It's a poetic song. Knacks for Ladies is a madrigal – a poetic song. In it the singer presents himself as a humble peddler.Through the words to the song he argues eloquently that although his wares might seem superficially precious, they're worthless compared to the honesty and loyalty of his heart. Which of the songs was composed by Franciscan Bossiness, or Francis of Bosnia? Se maim per marginalia (If ever in wonder), was written by Franciscan Bossiness, or Francis of Bosnia. What is a lute? What is the history of the lute? When was the lute used? A plucked stringed instrument with a long neck bearing frets and a rounded body with a flat front that is shaped like a halved egg.The lute is used in a great variety of instrumental music from the Medieval to the late Baroque eras and was the most important instrument for secular music in the Renaissance. What is a harpsichord? Where were these instruments often found? A keyboard instrument with horizontal strings that run perpendicular to the keyboard in a long tapering case and are plucked by points of quill, leather, or plastic operated by depressing the keys. It is used chiefly in European classical music of the 16th to 18th centuries. What is a notation knife?Knives with musical notes on the blade Many of the articles on the include a piece of artwork from the Renaissance period. How are music and art related? Do you think that the music of the period is reflected in the art of the period? Why or why not? Music and Art are related in that their both created by Artist or Creative people through inspiration either by nature or by your surroundings or a sudden or past event. Yes, music of the renaissance period was indeed reflected on the art. Like I said you can be inspired by surroundings. That's including, Music.Of the different music files that you've heard from the Renaissance period, which one do you like the best? Why? DoÃ'Ëœ event cell, belle, I Just sounds like that old world upper class renaissance music. It has the grand palace vibe I guess. How does the music of the Renaissance did offer from music today? (Think about the elements of music like tone color, rhythm, melody and so on). Today's music has changed so much that days, I think the reason is because of how much you can make on music today. The musicians didn't have a care of becoming famous because they were more concerned about the art.

Can Computer Replace Human Beings Essay

Many of us think that computers are many times faster, more powerful and more capable when compared to humans simply because they can perform calculations thousands of time faster, workout logical computations without error and store memory at incredible speeds with flawless accuracy. Human Brain: We can only estimate the processing power of the average human brain as there is no way to measure it quantitatively as of yet. If the theory of taking nerve volume to be proportional to processing power is true we then, may have a correct estimate of the human brain’s processing power. * by simple calculation, we can estimate the processing power of a average brain to be about 100 million MIPS (Million computer Instructions Per Second ). In case you’re wondering how much speed that is, let us give you an idea. * 1999’s fastest PC processor chip on the market was a 700 MHz pentium that did 4200 MIPS. By simple calculation, we can see that we would need at least 24,000 of these processors in a system to match up to the total speed of the brain !! Computers have brought a revolution in human life. To begin with, computers took over different human activities. Now even thinking and problem-solving are being done by computer The situation makes many of us believe that computers are likely to replace human beings in every walk of life. But every coin has two sides. However useful they may be, computers cannot replace human beings. Human life is not a mechanical affair. A pearl like tear silently rolls down the cheek at the memory of the loved one. A compliment by an elderly person restores the confidence of a depressed person. Computers have intelligence and think like human beings? Will computer be superior to us and replace us in the future? On hearing the questions, many people may think that it’s impossible that computer will be superior to human. Computer is made by us; it’s only a machine, a tool. It cannot have feelings But a lot of facts make us surprised. Let us see what is going on in detail. A chess-playing computer can defeat the world chess champion in 1997. Nowadays, artificial intelligence has got a significant development. Computer can understand our language and accept the oral command. Computer can already do a lot of tasks and they are learning to do other new tasks one by one. In some fields, computer works more efficient than human indeed. However, I think, we should catch the key point: computer is always doing the things that we told them how to do. We admit that if we tell computer how to do the work, it can do it and sometimes it can do better than us because computer has greater ability to deal with some special kind of problems and it will not be tired. Computer cannot solve the new problems that it has never met The human’s development process is always raising problems and solving them again and again, these attributes cannot be possessed by the computer. , though computer can act like human, it is still a computer; it doesn’t have feelings or free will. We have feelings, we will be happy or unhappy, we will be ashamed when we do something wrong. We have soul and we are alive. We have free will to decide what to do. Can computer have feelings? It can’t. It has no will, what it is doing is only executing the programs made by human. I don’t think a computer can ever be replaced with a human, because it doesn’t have the same physical needs that we have. But I want a computer to interface with me almost like a human. At least on the interface side to be polite like a human, to understand my human needs. I want it to serve me and understand me as a human. However, I expect a computer to be better than a human in many ways, such as keeping track of time. I expect a computer to know what five minutes is. I expect a computer to be reliable. I expect a computer’s memory to be perfect. I expect a computer to do all the things that computers do well. Record video information – humans can’t do that – record audio information, do text-to-speech, keep an accurate and perfect record of time and what happens in time. All the things that a computer is flawless at and can do well. I want the computer to help me. Help me augment my memory, so that when I go to the doctor and they say â€Å"What did you have for breakfast?† it could show me, â€Å"This is what you had for breakfast, I took a picture of it.† Because that’s what a computer can do for you. But I want it to understand that that’s what I need, that’s what I want. In order for the computer to understand what I need and what I want, it has to understand my emotional reactions to things, so that it can learn what it is that I need and want. A simple touch of mother silences a crying baby. Can a computer perform these and many such other miracles? Nowadays, teaching is being done by computers. Computer-lovers claim that the can learn with the help of a computer. Computers also administer tests, declare results and award certificates. But imagine the difference between the two situations, i.e., sitting before a computer and sitting in a class room with dozens of students around us and in the presence of a teacher. The pains and pleasures of companionship, the repudiating as well as encouraging expressions on the teachers face, the direct interaction, eye contact, spontaneous smiles and abundant sharing and understanding set this living situation a world apart from the lonely, computer-controlled suffocating room.